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In What Way Does An Assetã¢â‚¬â„¢s Service Life Differ From Its Physical Life?

Written By Thursday, May 12, 2022 Add Comment Edit

City using integrated information and communication technology

A smart city is a technologically modern urban area that uses different types of electronic methods, voice activation methods and sensors to collect specific information. Information gained from that information is used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve operations across the city. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, power plants, utilities, water supply networks, waste, criminal offence detection,[1] information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.[2] [3] Smart cities are defined as smart both in the means in which their governments harness engineering science as well as in how they monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city.[4]

The smart city concept integrates information and communication applied science ('ICT'), and various concrete devices connected to the Internet of things ('IoT') network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.[5] [6] Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the urban center is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and government.[7] Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and let for real-time responses.[8] A smart metropolis may therefore be more prepared to reply to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.[9] [10] Still, the term itself remains unclear in its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.[11]

Terminology [edit]

Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart urban center label, it is difficult to dribble a precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Waer[12] list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:

  1. The awarding of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.
  2. The use of ICT to transform life and working environments inside the region.
  3. The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies in government systems.
  4. The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance the innovation and noesis that they offer.

Deakin defines the smart city equally one that utilizes ICT to see the demands of the market place (the citizens of the metropolis), and states that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.[13] A smart city would thus be a city that not just possesses ICT engineering science in particular areas, but has besides implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.

Alternative definitions include:

  • Business Dictionary: "A developed urban surface area that creates sustainable economic development and loftier quality of life past excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and regime. Excelling in these key areas can be done so through potent human capital, social capital, and/or ICT infrastructure."[14] [ when? ]
  • Caragliu and Nijkamp 2009: "A city can be defined as 'smart' when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and mod (ICT) advice infrastructure fuel sustainable economic evolution and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory action and engagement."[15]
  • Section for Concern, Innovation and Skills, UK 2023: "The concept is non static, in that location is no accented definition of a smart city, no end point, but rather a process, or series of steps, by which cities become more 'liveable' and resilient and, hence, able to respond more than quickly to new challenges."[16]
  • European Commission : "A smart metropolis is a place where traditional networks and services are fabricated more than efficient with the use of digital solutions for the benefit of its inhabitants and business."
  • Frost & Sullivan 2014: "We identified viii key aspects that define a smart city: smart governance, smart energy, smart building, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizen."[17]
  • Giffinger et al. 2007: "Regional competitiveness, transport and Information and Advice Technologies economics, natural resources, human and social upper-case letter, quality of life, and participation of citizens in the governance of cities."[18]
  • Indian Government 2015: "Smart city offers sustainability in terms of economical activities and employment opportunities to a wide section of its residents, regardless of their level of instruction, skills or income levels."[19]
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers smart Cities: "A smart city brings together engineering science, regime and guild to enable the following characteristics: smart cities, a smart economy, smart mobility, a smart environs, smart people, smart living, smart governance."[ when? ]
  • Smart Cities Council[ when? ]: "A smart urban center is 1 that has digital technology embedded[20] across all city functions."[21] [ full commendation needed ]

Characteristics [edit]

It has been suggested that a smart city (also customs, business organisation cluster, urban agglomeration or region) uses information technologies to:

  1. Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, built environment and other concrete avails) through artificial intelligence and information analytics in lodge to support a strong and healthy economical, social, cultural development.[22]
  2. Engage finer with local governance officials by use of open innovation processes and e-participation, improving the collective intelligence of the city'due south institutions through due east-governance,[8] with emphasis placed on citizen participation and co-design.[23] [24]
  3. Acquire, adapt and introduce and thereby answer more effectively and promptly to irresolute circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.[eight] [25]

They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of human intelligence, collective intelligence, and also artificial intelligence within the city.[26] [27] The intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital telecommunication networks (the fretfulness), ubiquitously embedded intelligence (the brains), sensors and tags (the sensory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".[28]

These forms of intelligence in smart cities take been demonstrated in three ways:

Bletchley Park often considered to be the get-go smart community.

  1. Orchestration intelligence:[8] Where cities institute institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such every bit in Bletchley Park, where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded past a team led by Alan Turing. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart metropolis or an intelligent community.[29]
  2. Empowerment intelligence: Cities provide open up platforms, experimental facilities and smart urban center infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science Urban center in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities take too been established in Melbourne and Kyiv.[thirty]

    Hong Kong Cyberport ane and Cyberport 2 Buildings

  3. Instrumentation intelligence: Where city infrastructure is made smart through real-fourth dimension data collection, with analysis and predictive modelling across city districts. At that place is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to surveillance bug in smart cities. Examples of Instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in Amsterdam.[31] This is realized through:[8]
    1. A common IP infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
    2. Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the betoken in time.
    3. A number of homes being provided with smart energy meters to become aware of free energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
    4. Solar ability garbage compactors, motorcar recharging stations and energy saving lamps.

Some major fields of intelligent city activation are:

Innovation economy Urban infrastructure Governance
Innovation in industries, clusters, districts of a city Ship Administration services to the citizen
Knowledge workforce: Education and employment Energy / Utilities Participatory and direct democracy
Creation of knowledge-intensive companies Protection of the environment / Safety Services to the citizen: Quality of life

According to David K. Owens, the one-time executive vice president of the Edison Electric Institute, ii fundamental elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid."[32]

Data drove [edit]

Smart cities accept been conceptualized using the OSI model of 'layer' abstractions. Smart cities are constructed by connecting the metropolis's public infrastructure with city application systems and passing collected information through three layers, the perception layer, the network layer and the application layer. Urban center application systems then use data to brand meliorate decisions when controlling different urban center infrastructures. The perception layer is where data is collected across the smart metropolis using sensors. This information could be collected through sensors such equally cameras, RFID, or GPS positioning. The perception layer sends information it collects using wireless transmissions to the network layer. The network layer is responsible for transporting collected data from the perception layer to the application layer. The network layer utilizes a city's communication infrastructure to send data significant it can be intercepted past attackers and must exist held responsible for keeping collected data and information private. The application layer is responsible for processing the data received from network layer. The awarding layer uses the information it processes to brand decisions on how to control the city infrastructure based on the data it receives.[33] [34]

Frameworks [edit]

The creation, integration, and adoption of smart metropolis capabilities crave a unique set up of frameworks to realize the focus areas of opportunity and innovation cardinal to smart city projects. The frameworks tin be divided into five main dimensions which include numerous related categories of smart city development:[35]

Engineering science framework [edit]

A smart metropolis relies heavily on the deployment of technology. Different combinations of technological infrastructure interact to course the array of smart city technologies with varying levels of interaction between human being and technological systems.[36]

  • Digital: A service oriented infrastructure is required to connect individuals and devices in a smart city. These include innovation services and communication infrastructure. Yovanof, G. S. & Hazapis, G. Northward. define a digital city as "a continued community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; a flexible, service-oriented calculating infrastructure based on open industry standards; and, innovative services to come across the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses."[37]
  • Intelligent: Cognitive technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions tin be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.[one]
  • Ubiquitous: A ubiquitous city provides access to public services through whatsoever continued device. U-city is an extension of the digital metropolis concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure.[38]
  • Wired: The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.[39] A wired urban center surroundings provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunication, robotics, IoT, and diverse connected technologies tin then be deployed to support human upper-case letter and productivity.[twoscore] [41]
  • Hybrid: A hybrid city is the combination of a concrete conurbation and a virtual city related to the physical space. This relationship can be one of virtual design or the presence of a critical mass of virtual community participants in a concrete urban space. Hybrid spaces can serve to actualize futurity-state projects for smart city services and integration.[42]
  • Information city: The multiplicity of interactive devices in a smart city generates a big quantity of data. How that information is interpreted and stored is disquisitional to Smart urban center growth and security.[43]

Human framework [edit]

Smart city initiatives have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.[44] The homo framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and homo support systems – is an of import indicator of its success.[45]

  • Creativity: Arts and civilisation initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.[46] [47] Innovation is associated with intellectual marvel and creativeness, and diverse projects accept demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and creative activities.[48] [49]
  • Learning: Since mobility is a key area of Smart city development, edifice a capable workforce through teaching initiatives is necessary.[45] A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce preparation and support, and its cultural development and substitution.[50]
  • Humanity: Numerous Smart city programs focus on soft infrastructure evolution, similar increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated condom zones.[51] This focus on social and relational capital ways multifariousness, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to urban center planning.[41]
  • Knowledge: The development of a knowledge economic system is central to Smart city projects.[52] Smart cities seeking to exist hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in metropolis evolution.[41]

Institutional framework [edit]

According to Moser, M. A.,[50] since the 1990s, the smart communities movement took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT. Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the utilize of Information technology to amend the quality of daily life equally a consequence of different worsening in daily actions. Eger, J. M.[53] said that a smart community makes a conscious and agreed-upon decision to deploy engineering science equally a catalyst to solving its social and business concern needs. It is very important to sympathize that this apply of It and the consequent improvement could exist more demanding without the institutional help; indeed institutional involvement is essential to the success of smart customs initiatives. Again Moser, M. A.[50] explained that "edifice and planning a smart customs seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is essential for the partnership between denizen and institutional organizations to react to worsening trends in daily problems like traffic congestion, school overcrowding and air pollution. Nonetheless, information technology is important to note that technological propagation is non an cease in itself, but only a means to reinventing cities for a new economic system and social club. To sum up, it is possible to assert that any smart metropolis initiatives necessitate the regime'due south support for their success.

The importance of these 3 unlike dimensions is that only a link among them can make possible the development of a real smart city concept. According to the definition of smart city given by Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P., a metropolis is smart when investments in human/social upper-case letter and It infrastructure fuel sustainable growth and enhance quality of life, through participatory governance.[54]

Energy framework [edit]

Smart cities use data and applied science to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city. It too means that the city has a smarter free energy infrastructure. More than formally, a smart city is: "An urban area that has deeply integrated engineering science across the data ... and Net of Things (IoT) sectors to meliorate manage a metropolis's assets."[55] Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient awarding of integrated energy technologies in the city assuasive the evolution of more self-sustaining areas or even Positive Energy Districts that produce more than energy than consume.[56]

A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for diverse items such as street lighting, smart buildings, distributed energy resources (DER), information analytics, and smart transportation. Amongst these things, free energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a primal role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America'due south smart cities.[57]

Data Management framework [edit]

Smart cities employ a combination of data drove, processing, and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and calculating technologies and information security and privacy measures encouraging the awarding of innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizens and roofing dimensions that include: utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.[58]

Roadmap [edit]

A smart city roadmap consists of four/three (the first is a preliminary check) major components:[3] [59]

  1. Define exactly what is the community: maybe that definition tin can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps; information technology relates to geography, links between cities and countryside and flows of people between them; maybe – even – that in some Countries the definition of City/community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what – in fact – happens in existent life.
  2. Study the Community: Earlier deciding to build a smart city, showtime we need to know why. This tin can be done past determining the benefits of such an initiative. Written report the community to know the citizens, the business organization's needs – know the citizens and the customs's unique attributes, such equally the age of the citizens, their teaching, hobbies, and attractions of the city.
  3. Develop a smart metropolis Policy: Develop a policy to bulldoze the initiatives, where roles, responsibilities, objective, and goals, can be defined. Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be accomplished.
  4. Engage The Citizens: This tin can exist done by engaging the citizens through the utilise of e-government initiatives, open data, sport events, etc.

In short, People, Processes, and Engineering science (PPT) are the three principles of the success of a smart city initiative. Cities must written report their citizens and communities, know the processes, business drivers, create policies, and objectives to meet the citizens' needs. So, applied science can be implemented to meet the citizens' need, in lodge to improve the quality of life and create real economical opportunities. This requires a holistic customized arroyo that accounts for urban center cultures, long-term city planning, and local regulations.

"Whether to improve security, resiliency, sustainability, traffic congestion, public rubber, or city services, each community may have dissimilar reasons for wanting to be smart. But all smart communities share mutual attributes—and they all are powered past smart connections and by our industry's smarter energy infrastructure. A smart grid is the foundational piece in edifice a smart customs." – Pat Vincent-Collawn, chairman of the Edison Electric Constitute and president and CEO of PNM Resource.[sixty]

History [edit]

The idea and beingness of smart cities is relatively new. Following in the path of "Wired Cities" and "Intelligent Cities", the concept of the smart city is focused on a city's use of ICT in urban problem-solving. The utilise of computational statistical assay by the Community Analysis Bureau in Los Angeles in the late 1960's[61] and the establishment by Singapore of the National Calculator Board in 1981 are cited equally among the earliest cybernetic interventions into urban planning.[62] IBM (which counts among its founding patents a method for mechanical tabulation of population statistics for the Usa Demography Bureau in 1897), launched its "Smarter Cities" marketing initiative in 2008.[63] In 2010, Cisco Systems, with $25 million from the Clinton Foundation, established its Connected Urban Evolution program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress was held in Barcelona, in which 6000 people from fifty countries attended. The European Commission in 2012 established the Smart Cities Market, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the European Union. In 2021, The People's Democracy of China took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge, demonstrating the national commitment to smart city programs -- "past some estimates, China has half of the world's smart cities".[64] Every bit time goes on the per centum of smart cities in the worlds will keep increasing, and by 2050, upwardly to 70% of the world's population is expected to inhabit a metropolis.[65]

Policies [edit]

ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN) is a collaborative platform which aims to synergise Smart city evolution efforts across Asean by facilitating cooperation on smart city development, catalysing bankable projects with the individual sector, and securing funding and support from ASEAN'due south external partners. Metropolis diplomacy in the context of a smart city is highly stimulated by noesis, inventiveness, and innovations[66]

The Eu (Eu) has devoted abiding efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart' urban growth for its metropolitan metropolis-regions.[67] [68] The EU has adult a range of programmes under "Europe's Digital Agenda".[69] In 2010, it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life.[68] Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban services will exist $400 billion per annum by 2020.[lxx]

The Smart Cities Mission is a retrofitting and urban renewal program existence spearheaded by the Ministry building of Urban Development, Authorities of India. The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities.[71]

Technologies [edit]

Smart grids are an important engineering in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such every bit solar power and wind power.

Mobile devices (such as smartphones and tablets) are some other fundamental technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services.[72] [73] [74]

Smart cities also rely on smart homes and specifically, the engineering science used in them.[75] [76] [77] [78] [79]

Bicycle-sharing systems are an important element in smart cities.[eighty]

Smart mobility is too important to smart cities.[81]

Intelligent transportation systems and CCTV[82] systems are as well being developed.

Digital libraries take been established in several smart cities.[83] [84] [85] [86]

Online collaborative sensor data direction platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed information into an on-line database for storage and permit developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that information.[87] [88]

Additional supporting engineering and trends include remote piece of work,[89] [90] [91] telehealth,[92] [93] the blockchain,[94] [95] fintech,[96] online banking technology,[97]

Electronic cards (known equally smart cards) are another mutual component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of regime provided services (or due east-services) without setting up multiple accounts. The unmarried identifier allows governments to amass data about citizens and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to make up one's mind common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.[12]

Retractable bollards allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally washed manually, through an electronic laissez passer[98] but can fifty-fifty be done by ways of ANPR camera'south continued to the bollard system.[99]

Energy Data Management Systems (EDMS) can help to salve cities energy by recording data and using it to increase efficiency.[100]

Cost-do good assay of smart city technologies [edit]

Cost-benefit assay has been done into smart cities and the individual technologies. These can help to assess whether it is economically and ecologically beneficial to implement some technologies at all, and too compare the cost-effectiveness of each applied science amid each other[101] [102] [103] [104]

Commercialization [edit]

Large It, telecommunications and energy direction companies such equally Apple, Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, Huawei, Google, Microsoft, Cisco, IBM, and Schneider Electric launched market place initiatives for intelligent cities.

  • Baidu is working on Apollo, a self-driving technology[105]
  • Alibaba has created the City Brain[106] [107]
  • Tencent is working on medical technology,[105] such every bit WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and AI Medical Innovation Arrangement (AIMIS)[108]
  • Huawei has its Safe City Meaty Solution which focuses on improving safety in cities[109] [110] [111]
  • Google'southward subsidiary Sidewalk Labs is focusing on smart cities
  • Microsoft has CityNext[112]
  • Cisco, launched the global "Intelligent Urbanization" initiative[113] to help cities using the network as the 4th utility for integrated city direction, better quality of life for citizens, and economic development.
  • IBM appear its Smarter Cities Claiming[114] to stimulate economic growth and quality of life in cities and metropolitan areas with the activation of new approaches of thinking and interim in the urban ecosystem.
  • Schneider Electric is working on EcoStruxure[115] [116]
  • Sensor developers and startup companies[ clarification needed ] are also continually developing new smart city applications.

Adoption [edit]

Meet Listing of Smart Cities

Enquiry [edit]

Academy research labs adult prototypes for intelligent cities.

  • IGLUS is an activeness research project led past EPFL focused on developing governance systems for urban infrastructures. IGLUS announced a MOOC through Coursera.[117]
  • MIT Smart Cities Lab [118] focuses upon intelligent, sustainable buildings, mobility systems (GreenWheel electric bicycle, mobility on demand, CityCar, Wheel Robots);
  • the IntelCities [119] enquiry consortium for electronic regime, planning systems and citizen participation; URENIO developed intelligent city platforms for the innovation economy[120] focusing on strategic intelligence, applied science transfer, collaborative innovation, and incubation, while it promotes intelligent cities research and planning;[121]
  • the Smart Cities Academic Network [122] is working on eastward-governance and east-services in the North Sea region.
  • The MK:Smart project[123] is focusing on problems of sustainable energy use, h2o employ and transport infrastructure alongside exploring how to promote denizen engagement[124] alongside educating citizens well-nigh smart cities.[125] [126]
  • Laboratory for AI, Machine Learning, Business & Data Analytics (LAMBDA) at Tel Aviv University focuses on Digital Life, Smart Transportation and Human Mobility Patterns in smart Cities.[127]
  • Research journals in this area include the UK IET Smart Cities, which was launched in 2018.[128]

Criticism [edit]

The criticisms of smart cities revolve around:[22]

  • A bias in strategic interest may atomic number 82 to ignoring non-ICT centered modes of promising urban development.[129]
  • A smart city, every bit a scientifically planned urban center, would defy the fact that existent development in cities is often haphazard and participatory. In that line of criticism, the smart city is seen every bit unattractive for citizens every bit they "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient encompass".[130]
  • The focus of the concept of smart metropolis may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a metropolis to exist smart.[131]
  • Every bit a globalized business concern model is based on capital mobility, following a business-oriented model may result in a losing long-term strategy: "The 'spatial set' inevitably means that mobile capital tin oftentimes 'write its own deals' to come to town, only to move on when it receives a ameliorate deal elsewhere. This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial, [or] manufacturing city."[22]
  • The loftier level of large data collection and analytics has raised questions regarding surveillance in smart cities, particularly as information technology relates to predictive policing.
  • In the smart city surround there are many threats that affect the privacy of individuals. The engineering science is involved in scanning, identification, checking the electric current location, including time and direction of movement. Residents may feel that they are constantly monitored and controlled.[132]
  • Equally of August 2018, the discussion on smart cities centers around the usage and implementation of technology rather than on the inhabitants of the cities and how they can exist involved in the process.[133]
  • Peculiarly in low-income countries, smart cities are irrelevant to the urban population which lives in poverty with limited access to basic services. A focus on smart cities may worsen inequality and marginalization.[134]
  • If a smart metropolis strategy is non planned for people with accessibility problems, such as persons with disabilities affecting mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive part, the implementation of new technologies could create new barriers.[135]
  • Digitalization tin can have a significant environmental footprint and in that location is potential for the externalization of ecology costs onto outside communities.[136] [137] [138]

Run across as well [edit]

  • Carfree city
  • Career-oriented social networking marketplace
  • Connected machine
  • Community-driven development
  • Eco-cities
  • Free energy informatics
  • Global brain
  • Government by algorithm
  • Intelligent environment
  • Intelligent transportation system
  • Municipal wireless network
  • Net metering
  • Pervasive informatics
  • Planned community
  • Resilient city
  • Short food supply chains
  • Smart grid
  • Smart highway
  • Smart port
  • Smart hamlet
  • Sustainable urban center
  • Urban computing
  • Urban farming
  • Urban information science
  • Urban vitality
  • Vertical farming

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Shepard, Marking (2011). Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. New York City. Architectural League of New York. ISBN978-0262515863.
  • Batty, M.; et al. (2012). "Smart Cities of the Future". European Concrete Periodical ST. 214: 481–518. Bibcode:2012EPJST.214..481B. doi:x.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3.
  • Anastasia Stratigea (2012). The Concept of 'Smart' Cities – Towards Community Development?.
  • Townsend, Antony (2013). Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia. W. West. Norton & Visitor. ISBN978-0393082876.
  • Moir, Due east.; Moonen, T.; Clark, C. (2014). "What are future cities – origins, meaning and uses" (PDF). Foresight Future of Cities Project and Future Cities Catapult.
  • LaFrance, Adrienne (10 July 2015). "When Yous Give a Tree an Electronic mail Accost". The Atlantic.
  • Mohanty, Saraju (July 2016). "Everything You wanted to Know most Smart Cities" (PDF). IEEE Consumer Electronics Mag. 6 (3): 60–seventy. doi:10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879. S2CID 206450227.
  • Kamila Borsekova (2016). "The Power of Communities in Smart Urban Development". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 223: 51–57. doi:ten.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.289.
  • Cavada, Yard.; et al. (2016). "Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions?". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Engineering Sustainability. 169 (6): 243–252. doi:10.1680/jensu.15.00032.
  • "Smart Cities Technology Roadmap". Brotherhood for Telecommunications Industry Solutions. Apr 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  • Saraju Mohanty, Everything You lot wanted to Know about Smart Cities, IEEE Distinguished Lecture 2017, IEEE CE Guild Webinar, five October 2017.
  • Viitanen, J.; Kingston, R. (2014). "Smart cities and green growth – outsourcing autonomous and environmental resilience to the global engineering science sector". Environment and Planning A. 46 (4): 803–819. doi:10.1068/a46242. S2CID 145283799.
  • DelSignore, M.; Riether, G. (2018) Urban Machines: Public Space in a Digital Culture, ISBN 978 8898 774 289, an overview of the impact of It and vision of a possible future – as challenge for architects.
  • Andrea Caragliu, Chiara D Bo, KarimaKourtit, PeterNijkamp (2015) Smart Cities, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2d Edition). ISBN 978-0-08097-086-8

External links [edit]

  • UK Budget 2015 funding for smart cities evolution Archived 24 Nov 2016 at the Wayback Motorcar
  • British Standards Institute initiative on Smart Cities
  • Futurity of Cities UK government 'Foresight' project on cities
  • Future Cities Catapult A Uk regime-funded 'global centre of excellence on urban innovation'
  • Cyber-Physical Society Archived eight Baronial 2020 at the Wayback Auto
  • what is a smart city?
  • "About i-Canada Brotherhood". A Canadian project

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